Jared Slaybaugh

Mr. Haskell

World History/ECORE

20 May 2004

Chapter 32&33 Outline

I. Changing Political Climate

            A. The Great Liberation

1.      the post-war decades brought a major tuning point in the world history when the colonial empires built by western powers during the age of imperialism crumbled.

2.      The needs and goals of developing nations transformed the post world.

3.      At first, Britain, France, and other powers tried to hold on to their empires.

B. The Cold War Goes Global

1.      The new nations emerged into a world dominated and divided by the Cold War.

2.      To avoid super power rivalry, many new nations chose to remain nonaligned, that is , not allied to either side in the cold war.

3.      In Africa, Latin America and Asia Local Conflicts Took on a Cold War dimension.

C. New Nations Seek Stability

1.      While new nations had high hopes for the future, they faced immense problems.

2.      the nations wrote constitutions modeled on those of western democracies.

3.      As problems multiplied the military or authoritarian leaders often took over.

D. The Shrinking Globe

1.      since 1945, transportation and communications systems have made the world increasingly interdependent.

2.      The UN was set up as a forum for settling disputes.

3.      The importance of Global trade was recognized by a series of international agreements known as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

E. Enduring Issues

1.      many issues pose a challenge to world peace.

2.      During the Cold War, efforts to curb the arms race had only limited success.

3.      Since the 1960s, the world has seen a rise in terrorist activity.

II. Global Economic Tends

            A. The Global North and South: Two Worlds of Development

1.      the cold war created an ideological split between the communist East and the capitalist west.

2.      The global north includes the industrial nations of western Europe and North America.

3.      With a few exceptions, such as socialist Sweden, most rich nations have basically capitalist economies.

B. Economic Interdependence

1.      rich poor nations are linked by many trade and financial ties.

2.      Huge Multinational corporations, enterprises with branches in many countries, have invested in the developing world.

3.      at the same time, however, poor nations claim that the North has a stranglehold on the global economy.

C. Obstacles to Development

1.      While some developing nations have made progress toward modernization, others have not.

2.      In parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, geography has posed an obstacle to progress.

3.      The population boom that began in the 1700s has continued.

D. Economic Development and the Environment

1.      For both rich and poor nations, economic development has been achieved and great cost to the natural environment.

2.      Since earliest times, people everywhere have what they wanted from their environment.

3.      By the 1970s, conservationists raised the alarm about threats to the planets fragile environment.

III. Changing Patterns

A. the village continuity and change

1.      the village is close-set houses made of stones, clay bricks, or sticks plastered over with mud, roofed with thatch, palm leaves, tile, or tin

2.      many village ways have last for centuries

3.      the day may begin before sunrise, with the sound of a rooster crowing

B. old ways and new

1.      People in the developing world have flocked to the cities to find jobs and escape rural poverty

2.      many traditions remain strong, despite revolutionary changes

3.      people adopted western fashions and ideas in the city

C.  new rights and roles for women

1.      after 1945, womens movements brought changes to both the western and developing worlds

2.      within emerging nations, women worked actively in the nationalist struggles

3.      more and more women worked outside the home and gradually won equal access to education in the industrial world

D.  Science and Technology

1.      technology has transformed human life and thought since 1945

2.      instant communication via satellites has shrunk the globe.

3.      new forms of energy, especially nuclear power, have been added to the steam power, electricity, and gasoline energy of the first industrial age.

E. A new International Culture

1.      the US has been a driving force behind this new global culture

2.      American movies and television programs play to audiences in Moscow, Beijing, Buenos Aires, and Cairo

3.      since World War II, American fads, fashions, music, and entertainment have captured the worlds imagination

F.  looking ahead

1.      multiple current trends and issues emerged long before 1945 and will continue beyond 2000

2.      two contradictory trends are shaping the world: nationalism and global interdependence

3.      new issues and conflicts will almost certainly take shape in the new millennium, or thousand-year period, that begins after the year 2000

Chapter 33

I. The western world: an overview

A. the cold war in Europe

1.      the Cold War divided Europe into two hostile military alliances for more than forty years

2.      the western democracies, led by the United States, formed NATO

3.      the Warsaw Pact was formed by the communist nations of Eastern Europe 

B. recovery and growth in Western Europe

1.      a major goal of leftist parties was to extend the welfare state

2.      the government keeps most features of a capitalist economy but takes greater responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people under the welfare state.

3.      governments passed reforms to ease the hardships of the industrial age in the 1800s- roots of the welfare state

            C. toward European unity

1.      same six nations signed a treaty to form the European Community, or Common Market to expand free trade in 1957

2.      the Common Market gradually ended tariffs on goods and allowed labor and capital to move freely across national borders

3.      It set up the European Parliament, a multinational body elected by citizens of the Common Market countries

            D. social trends

1.      for most of western history, a tiny wealthy class had dominated the majority of the people

2.      more and more people in the West belonged to the middle class by the 1950s

3.      class lines blurred as prosperity spread, after 1945

II. the western European democracies

A. Britain: government and the economy

1.      in 1945 the people of Britain voted the Labour party into power.

2.      after the war, there was a newfound respect for the working class. Officials realized that if a working class boy can save us in a Spifire, the same brain can be turned to produce a new world.

3.      the government gained a larger role in the economy and nationalized major industries and expanded social welfare benefits.

            B. France: revival and prosperity

1.      after WWII, France was greatly weakened, and there was a major threat of civil war.

2.      many voters turned to General Charles de Gaulle, who set up the Fifth Republic in 1958. The constitution gave de Gaulle great power as president.

3.      de Gaulle made peace with the Algerians in 1962, and soon after other French colonies in Africa won freedom without bloodshed. De Gaulle also did many other things, such as making new ties with West Germany, which ended hostility, and developing a French nuclear force to challenge American dominance in Europe.

            C. Germany: reunited at last

1.      the opposition between eastern and western Germany increased as the West was a member of the western alliance, and the east was part of the soviet orbit.

2.      the Soviet Union opposed a unified Germany, as it would pose a threat to its security

3.      although the US and Germany were enemies after the war, the US rushed aid to Germany when the Cold War began to strengthen it against communist forces

            D. other democratic nations of the west

1.      many Western European nations slowly recovered after the war, including Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, who created a socialist welfare program.

2.      Italy was economically divided after the war; industries were rebuilt and prospered in the north while the peasant population grew in the south.

3.      some nations took longer to recover after the war, such as Spain, Portugal, and Greece. The dictators of both Spain and Portugal died in the 1970s, and the countries adopted democratic governments.

III. North American Prosperity

A. the united states and the cold war

1.      by 1945, the US was the worlds greatest military power, and the only one with the power of the atomic bomb. However, the US felt threatened by the communist expansion, especially after the Soviet Union announced that they were building their own atomic bomb.

2.      during the Cold War, the US used its economic and military  resources to protect its interests and the security of a free, non-communist world instead of turning to foreign alliances.

3.      US troops fought major wars in Korea and Vietnam to stop the spread of communism, and set up military bases overseas to monitor the Soviet expansion.

B. economy and the role of government

1.      after WWII, the US, unlike Europe, emerged with cities and industries fully intact. By 1945, they were producing over 50% of the worlds manufactured goods. By 1950, the economy in the US was booming.           

2.      the change in presidents caused and up and down in the economy, because some preferred the government taking a full role in the economy, and others favoring the government staying out of such affairs.

3.      the national deficit increased, and by the 1990s there were many heated debates on which programs to cute to lower this deficit.

C. the civil rights movement

1.      although African Americans had already gained freedom, many states still allowed segregation to occur in housing and education, and many were discriminated against in the work force.

2.      in 1954, the Supreme court issued a ruling that declared that segregated schools were unconstitutional. Although some southern states tried to resist desegregation, President Eisenhower upheld the law.

3.      by 1956, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. emerged as a leader of the civil rights movement, and used Gandhis teachings to peacefully protest segregation in the US. His boycotts and peaceful marches throughout the 1960s helped in the efforts to end segregation.

D. the united states and the global economy

1.      by the 1970s, prices on imported oil sky rocketed. Inflation showed how much the US relied on imported oil.

2.      inflation contributed to the Third World debt crisis, which involved American banks.

3.      because of interdependence, the US lost manufacturing jobs to developing nations.

E. Postwar Canada

1.      Canada sided with the Allies in both world wars, and was a member of NATO. It was one of the major democratic and major industrial powers after the war.

2.      Canada also prospered, as rich oil and gas deposits were found in the western provinces after the war.

3.      although Canada and the US have close ties, many Canadians were threatened by economic competition, which led to disputes over trade and tariffs. A later treaty helped to solve these problems.

IV. the soviet union: rise and fall of a superpower

A. Stalins successors

1.      after WWII, the Soviet Union emerged as a superpower and Stalin forged a Soviet sphere of influence from the Baltic to the Balkans.

2.      Khrushchev took power after Stalin, and called for peaceful coexistence with the West.

3.      when Brezhnev took over, people who spoke out against the government were arrested and imprisoned, and many were placed in insane asylums.

B. The Soviet Economy

1.      Stalin attempted to rebuild the Soviet economy by focusing on such industries as coal, steel, and heavy machinery.

2.      Sputnik I was launched in 1957, as the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth.

3.      although wages were low, Khrushchev boasted that their citizens enjoyed low, free health care, cheap bread, and unemployment was almost non-existent

C. Foreign Policy Issues

1.      Khrushchev set up the Warsaw Pact in 1955, which in theory would have defended the communist block against NATO.

2.      the Soviet backed governments in North Korea and North Vietnam in battles against American-backed governments in the South of both countries.

3.      Cold War tensions increased when the Berlin Wall was built in 1961.

D. Collapse of the Soviet Empire

1.      Mikhail Gorbachev rose as leader of the Soviet Union in 1985.

2.      Gorbachev sought to end Cold War tensions, and signed arms control treaties with the US.

3.      he also ended censorship and urged reconstruction of the government and economy.

E. The Russian Republic

1.      by the 1990s, turmoil and economic hardships in Russia increased, and the people longed for a return to order.

2.      Yeltsin privatized more state-run industries and collective farms in an effort to end economic problems within the country.

3.      government controls decreased, and thus resulted in skyrocketing prices and an increase in unemployment.

F.      The Other Republics

1.      Soviet republics wanted to build stable governments like Russia

2.      unrest between pro-communist and pro-democratic groups increased

3.      the new Soviet republics also faced hard times as they switched to market economies.

V. a new era in Eastern Europe

            A. in the soviet orbit

1.      more than 30 divisions of Soviet troops were stationed throughout Easter Europe with a tightened grip on satellites.

2.      many people in East Germany, Poland, and Hungary despised communist monopoly over power.

3.      Imre Nagy, a communist reformer and strong nationalist, gained power in Hungary in 1956

            B. Polands struggle toward democracy

1.      the Poles wanted greater freedom within the Soviet bloc, and became known as the Soviet Unions most troublesome satellite.

2.      many economic woes resulted in riots and strikes by 1956, and the Polish government made many reforms.

3.      by the late 1980s, Poland was introduced to many radical economic reforms like those made by Gorbachev previously.

            C. revolution and freedom

1.      a democratic movement was sweeping across Easter Europe by 1989

2.      Easter European countries were free to settle their own affairs for the first time since 1945

3.      many countries withdrew from the Warsaw Pact and requested that Soviet troops leave, while the Soviet power crumbled

            D. war comes to Sarajevo

1.      the Croats (Roman Catholics), Serbs (Orthodox Christians), and Muslims were the main ethnic groups in Yugoslavia.

2.      after the fall of communism, a wave of nationalism tore Yugoslavia apart.

3.      different leaders from each ethnic group struggled constantly for power of the country.

            E. looking ahead

1.      the US forced warring parties to settle their problems in 1995 in Dayton, Ohio

2.      in Dayton, a series of agreements, called the Dayton Accords, were laid out

3.      when a civil war in Yugoslavia began, the US failed to restore peace